Individual and Institutional Concentration of Leisure Research in North America

The purpose of this article is to identify key characteristics of the community of leisure scholars in North America and to use patterns derived from data about publication activity as a platform for discussing the nature and implications of concentration in leisure research at the individual and institutional levels. The study uses cluster analysis to detect patterns of research and publication activity among 1785 people who were associated with leisure research in North America in the 1990s, concentrating on the slightly smaller number of people (1631) whose names were listed as authors on at least one publication in all editions of 6 research journals and 14 conference proceedings from 1990 to 1999 inclusive. The results demonstrate that leisure research in North America is concentrated at both the individual scholar and institutional levels. For example, at the individual level, less than one-fifth of authors accounted for more than two-thirds of journal articles and conference papers. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to issues such as the critical mass of scholars and problems of disciplinary isolation detected by previous researchers.     

我国电力行业发电侧市场结构变化实证分析

通过分析我国电力行业厂网分开改革的5年来五大发电集团的数据资料，以装机容量、发电量和销售收入作为市场集中度的衡量基准，对我国目前电力行业发电侧的市场结构进行测算与判定，分析其变动趋势，指出今后我国发电侧市场改革的重点是对优势发电企业的潜在垄断行为进行合理规制。     

20Kt/a煅烧焦回转窑耐高温下料溜管技术改造的研究

介绍在大港油田20Kt/a煅烧焦厂煅烧回转窑高温下料溜管的投产使用中,针对出现的焊口开裂、高温下管体变形等一系列问题,通过焊接应力分析、高温温差应力、溜管整体结构受力分析等方法和原理,从整体结构和焊接方法两方面进行技术改造,探讨出符合大港油田20Kt/a煅烧焦60米回转窑使用要求的耐高温下料溜管制作安装方法。     

锂离子电池组充放电设备的设计与实现

锂离子电池组组合充电一直是锂离子电池的瓶颈问题,为了提高锂离子电池的性能,采用锂离子电池组串充分流的方式,并且设计完善的锂离子电池组充放电维护系统,实现过流、过压、过充、过放、欠压、短路、反接及平衡电压等多重保护功能;同时完成自身电量检测并以灯显及编码方式给出,上位机显示充放电过程状态及充放电历史数据查询。     

土地集中经营的有效方式探讨

目前我国粮食生产的经营规模仍然较小,其难点是土地集中困难.文章从土地转出方、土地转入方及土地流转机制不健全等方面分析土地集中困难的原因,提出有效的土地集中经营方式.在此基础上,提出稳定农民非农收入；完善农村社会保障体系；健全土地流转机制；降低土地流转风险等加强土地集中经营的对策建议.     

循环水浓缩倍数的涵义及控制方法探讨

文章介绍了甲醇厂循环水系统的具体情况,探讨了浓缩倍数的涵义,并详细分析了浓缩倍数控制范围及影响因素、具体浓缩倍数的计算和控制方法。     

Industry Structure and Corporate Debt Maturity

We examine how industry competition affects firms’ choice of short‐term debt. We find that the percentage of short‐term debt is positively related to industry concentration at low levels of concentration, and inversely related to industry concentration at higher levels of concentration. This nonlinear relation is stronger in industries where firms are either more homogeneous or compete more aggressively. Moreover, we find that firms with shorter‐maturity debt are less aggressive than their rivals in the product market. The overall evidence suggests that although financial contracts alleviate agency problems, they exacerbate the risk of predation.     

Lending technologies,banking relationships,and firms’ access to credit in Italy: the role of firm size

This paper analyses the role of lending technologies and banking relationships on firms’ credit access in Italy. Using EFIGE firm-level data, we show that the depth and strength of firm–bank relationships have heterogeneous effects on credit demand and rationing probabilities depending on the size of the borrower. Multiple banking relationships alleviate financial constraints for small firms, while borrowing from a large number of lenders hinders access to credit for large companies. Small and medium-sized enterprises with a higher share of debt with the main bank have a lower probability of being credit denied, as debt concentration contributes to overcome the opacity problems typical of the SMEs. Long-lasting relationships, by reducing information asymmetries, significantly improve access to credit for small and large firms. Conversely, we find that medium-sized enterprises are more exposed to financing constraints as relationship duration increases, due to possible lock-in effects. Finally, firms maintaining banking relationships based on transactional technologies are more likely to be credit denied, while the use of relationship lending technologies improves credit availability for both small and large enterprises.     

The impact of agricultural policy on farm income concentration: the case of regional implementation of the CAP direct payments in Italy

One of the objectives of agricultural policy worldwide concerns the support of farm income. Common Agricultural Policy direct payments (DPs) are the main instruments to support farm income in the European Union. This article addresses their role in the concentration of farm income. This is done by calculating the Gini coefficient and its disaggregation in a large sample of Italian farms in the period between 2006 and 2007. Although this approach has been used to develop ex‐post analysis in previous studies, this article is innovative given that it is used here in an ex ante analysis aimed at evaluating the likely impact of a recent reform proposal. This latter requests changing the current model to a regional model of DPs application to make payment rates (i.e., payment per hectare) homogeneous among farms in the same region. The analysis shows that DPs and farm incomes are both very concentrated but that DPs allow for an income concentration reduction in Italian farms. The shift to a regional implementation reduces DPs concentration and, to a limited extent, farm income concentration. Of the considered regionalization scenarios, those that redistribute DPs among regions are the most effective in reducing concentration. The extension of the Gini considered approach to an ex ante setting seems effective because it provides insights that could feed the policy debate regarding the forthcoming reform.     

专业化交易地理集中、区域市场一体化与浙中内陆城市圈层化——“义乌商圈”的空间效应分析

基于专业化交易地理集中促成的总合交易费用节约,义乌市场不仅衍生出周边产业集群,从而提升义乌城市集聚度,并进一步引致周边的浙中城市群走上圈层化的发展路径,构建起基于自主层级体系的城市共同体。本文借助新兴古典城市网络分层模型刻画了圈层化的微观机制,并启示内陆城市形成自主共同体,以获取类似海滨城市优势的途径。